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水文地質勘察的工作內容包括

發布日期：2019-02-14  文章來源:xlyf.com.cn  作者:保定宇乾巖土

水(shui)文地質勘(kan)測的作業內容包含(han)：

1.水(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)。對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)和(he)(he)與其有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)現象進(jin)行實(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)填圖作業，包(bao)含搜(sou)集有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)；安置觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)和(he)(he)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)線進(jin)行實(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)調(diao)查(cha)；測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)井、泉等地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)露頭的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)量和(he)(he)水(shui)質(zhi)；研究(jiu)其構(gou)(gou)成條件，以查(cha)明地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)成、散布、埋藏條件和(he)(he)巖土的(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)性；尋找地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)富水(shui)地(di)(di)(di)段，選(xuan)定(ding)進(jin)一(yi)步勘探和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)作業的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)址等。使用遙感技術，對(dui)衛星(xing)相片(pian)和(he)(he)航空相片(pian)進(jin)行解(jie)譯，以配合水(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)，是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)又(you)快又(you)好的(de)(de)(de)辦法，可以進(jin)步地(di)(di)(di)上測(ce)(ce)(ce)繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)功率和(he)(he)精度。

2.地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)物(wu)理(li)勘探。地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)物(wu)理(li)勘探（簡稱物(wu)探）常(chang)(chang)用(yong)來尋找地(di)下(xia)水，斷(duan)(duan)定(ding)含水層的方(fang)位，區分咸水體(ti)和淡水體(ti)界線(xian)等。在水文地(di)質勘探中常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的地(di)上物(wu)探辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有電測深(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電剖(pou)面法(fa)(fa)(fa)、天然電場法(fa)(fa)(fa)、淺層地(di)震法(fa)(fa)(fa)、α－徑跡法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。 常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的鉆(zhan)井地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)物(wu)理(li)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有電測井法(fa)(fa)(fa)、放射性測井法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。物(wu)探辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)(fa)由于比較快(kuai)速、經(jing)濟(ji)，常(chang)(chang)與水文地(di)質鉆(zhan)探和實驗(yan)配合(he)進行，使用(yong)物(wu)探斷(duan)(duan)定(ding)鉆(zhan)孔和抽水實驗(yan)地(di)址，可以(yi)進步功率。

3.水(shui)文地(di)質實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。水(shui)文地(di)質實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的意圖是(shi)獲得各種參數，為地(di)下水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)評價或礦山(shan)涌水(shui)量核算等提供根底材料，包含抽水(shui)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、壓水(shui)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、注水(shui)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)和彌散實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等，最常用的是(shi)抽水(shui)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。

4.水(shui)(shui)文(wen)(wen)地(di)質(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探。鉆(zhan)(zhan)探的(de)(de)意(yi)圖(tu)是斷定含水(shui)(shui)層的(de)(de)方位與(yu)散布，以查明(ming)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)存在條件。所獲(huo)巖心要進(jin)(jin)行詳細編錄(lu)，而且(qie)使用鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔進(jin)(jin)行抽水(shui)(shui)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)或其(qi)他(ta)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)(wen)地(di)質(zhi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。水(shui)(shui)文(wen)(wen)地(di)質(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探的(de)(de)要求和一(yi)般的(de)(de)礦藏鉆(zhan)(zhan)探不同(tong)，要求有(you)較大的(de)(de)孔徑(jing)而且(qie)用清水(shui)(shui)鉆(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)。不然(ran)使用鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔求得的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)(wen)地(di)質(zhi)參數或許失真。

5.實驗(yan)室分析(xi)。在水(shui)文地質(zhi)勘測(ce)過程中(zhong)，要選取水(shui)樣(yang)、巖樣(yang)或(huo)土樣(yang)進行實驗(yan)室的(de)水(shui)質(zhi)分析(xi)、粒(li)度分析(xi)、孢(bao)粉或(huo)微體(ti)古生物分析(xi)、同(tong)位素(su)年齡測(ce)定等(deng)

6.地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)動態(tai)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)。地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)動態(tai)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)是水(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘測(ce)(ce)的一(yi)項重(zhong)要內容。在安置鉆探和(he)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)驗(yan)時，就要考慮到保(bao)存一(yi)部分(fen)鉆孔用來進行(xing)長期觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)，定(ding)時測(ce)(ce)定(ding)地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)的水(shui)(shui)位、水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)水(shui)(shui)溫(wen)，以便為今后的地(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)資源評價或其他水(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)核算提供(gong)根底材(cai)料(liao)。一(yi)般(ban)要求(qiu)動態(tai)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)的時刻不少于一(yi)個水(shui)(shui)文(wen)年，時刻系列愈(yu)長愈(yu)好。

7.編(bian)制水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陳(chen)述(shu)和圖件(jian)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勘測的(de)效(xiao)果一般分為陳(chen)述(shu)和圖件(jian)兩(liang)部分。陳(chen)述(shu)應當正確地(di)(di)(di)(di)反映(ying)實際的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)，回答要(yao)求處理的(de)問題。圖件(jian)一般是(shi)一系列的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖，依據勘測的(de)意圖、要(yao)求的(de)不同(tong)，圖件(jian)的(de)數(shu)量和內容(rong)都可以不同(tong)，常見的(de)有綜合(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)等水(shui)(shui)(shui)位線圖、巖(yan)石含水(shui)(shui)(shui)性圖、水(shui)(shui)(shui)化學圖、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)埋(mai)深圖、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污染程度圖、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參數(shu)分區圖等。

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